Techniques for WCAG 2.1

ARIA Techniques§

• ARIA1: Using the aria-describedby property to provide a descriptive label for user interface controls
• ARIA2: Identifying a required field with the aria-required property
• ARIA4: Using a WAI-ARIA role to expose the role of a user interface component
• ARIA5: Using WAI-ARIA state and property attributes to expose the state of a user interface component
• ARIA6: Using aria-label to provide labels for objects
• ARIA7: Using aria-labelledby for link purpose
• ARIA8: Using aria-label for link purpose
• ARIA9: Using aria-labelledby to concatenate a label from several text nodes
• ARIA10: Using aria-labelledby to provide a text alternative for non-text content
• ARIA11: Using ARIA landmarks to identify regions of a page
• ARIA12: Using role=heading to identify headings
• ARIA13: Using aria-labelledby to name regions and landmarks
• ARIA14: Using aria-label to provide an invisible label where a visible label cannot be used
• ARIA15: Using aria-describedby to provide descriptions of images
• ARIA16: Using aria-labelledby to provide a name for user interface controls
• ARIA17: Using grouping roles to identify related form controls
• ARIA18: Using aria-alertdialog to Identify Errors
• ARIA19: Using ARIA role=alert or Live Regions to Identify Errors
• ARIA20: Using the region role to identify a region of the page
• ARIA21: Using aria-invalid to Indicate An Error Field
• ARIA22: Using role=status to present status messages
• ARIA23: Using role=log to identify sequential information updates
• ARIA24: Semantically identifying a font icon with role="img"

Client-Side Script Techniques§

• SCR1: Allowing the user to extend the default time limit
• SCR2: Using redundant keyboard and mouse event handlers
• SCR14: Using scripts to make nonessential alerts optional
• SCR16: Providing a script that warns the user a time limit is about to expire
• SCR18: Providing client-side validation and alert
• SCR19: Using an onchange event on a select element without causing a change of context
• SCR20: Using both keyboard and other device-specific functions
• SCR22: Using scripts to control blinking and stop it in five seconds or less
• SCR24: Using progressive enhancement to open new windows on user request
• SCR26: Inserting dynamic content into the Document Object Model immediately following its trigger element
• SCR27: Reordering page sections using the Document Object Model
• SCR28: Using an expandable and collapsible menu to bypass block of content
• SCR29: Adding keyboard-accessible actions to static HTML elements
• SCR30: Using scripts to change the link text
• SCR31: Using script to change the background color or border of the element with focus
• SCR32: Providing client-side validation and adding error text via the DOM
• SCR33: Using script to scroll content, and providing a mechanism to pause it
• SCR34: Calculating size and position in a way that scales with text size
• SCR35: Making actions keyboard accessible by using the onclick event of anchors and buttons
• SCR36: Providing a mechanism to allow users to display moving, scrolling, or auto-updating text in a static window or area
• SCR38: Creating a conforming alternate version for a web page designed with progressive enhancement
• SCR39: Making content on focus or hover hoverable, dismissible, and persistent

CSS Techniques§

• C6: Positioning content based on structural markup
• C7: Using CSS to hide a portion of the link text
• C8: Using CSS letter-spacing to control spacing within a word
• C9: Using CSS to include decorative images
• C12: Using percent for font sizes
• C13: Using named font sizes
• C14: Using em units for font sizes
• C15: Using CSS to change the presentation of a user interface component when it receives focus
• C17: Scaling form elements which contain text
• C18: Using CSS margin and padding rules instead of spacer images for layout design
• C19: Specifying alignment either to the left or right in CSS
• C20: Using relative measurements to set column widths so that lines can average 80 characters or less when the browser is resized
• C21: Specifying line spacing in CSS
• C22: Using CSS to control visual presentation of text
• C23: Specifying text and background colors of secondary content such as banners, features and navigation in CSS while not specifying text and background colors of the main content
• C24: Using percentage values in CSS for container sizes
• C25: Specifying borders and layout in CSS to delineate areas of a Web page while not specifying text and text-background colors
• C27: Making the DOM order match the visual order
• C28: Specifying the size of text containers using em units
• C29: Using a style switcher to provide a conforming alternate version
• C30: Using CSS to replace text with images of text and providing user interface controls to switch
• C31: Using CSS Flexbox to reflow content
• C32: Using media queries and grid CSS to reflow columns
• C33: Allowing for Reflow with Long URLs and Strings of Text
• C34: Using media queries to un-fixing sticky headers / footers
• C35: Allowing for text spacing without wrapping
• C36: Allowing for text spacing override
• C37: Using CSS max-width and height to fit images
• C38: Using CSS width, max-width and flexbox to fit labels and inputs
• C39: Using the CSS reduce-motion query to prevent motion
• C40: Creating a two-color focus indicator to ensure sufficient contrast with all components
• C45: Using CSS :focus-visible to provide keyboard focus indication

Common Failures§

• F1: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.2 due to changing the meaning of content by positioning information with CSS
• F2: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to using changes in text presentation to convey information without using the appropriate markup or text
• F3: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to using CSS to include images that convey important information
• F4: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.2 due to using text-decoration:blink without a mechanism to stop it in less than five seconds
• F7: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.2 due to an object or applet … for more than five seconds
• F8: Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 due to captions omitting some dialogue or important sound effects
• F9: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.5 due to changing the context when the user removes focus from a form element
• F10: Failure of Success Criterion 2.1.2 and Conformance Requirement 5 due to combining multiple content formats in a way that traps users inside one format type
• F12: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.5 due to having a session time limit without a mechanism … re-authentication
• F13: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 and 1.4.1 due to having a text alternative that does not include information that is conveyed by color differences in the image
• F14: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.3 due to identifying content only by its shape or location
• F15: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.2 due to implementing custom controls that do not use an accessibility API for the technology, or do so incompletely
• F16: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.2 due to including scrolling content where movement is not essential to the activity without also including a mechanism to pause and restart the content
• F19: Failure of Conformance Requirement 1 due to not providing a method for the user to find the alternative conforming version of a non-conforming Web page
• F20: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 and 4.1.2 due to not updating text alternatives when changes to non-text content occur
• F22: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.5 due to opening windows that are not requested by the user
• F23: Failure of 1.4.2 due to playing a sound longer than 3 seconds where there is no mechanism to turn it off
• F24: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.3, 1.4.6 and 1.4.8 due to specifying foreground colors without specifying background colors or vice versa
• F25: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.2 due to the title of a Web page not identifying the contents
• F26: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.3 due to using a graphical symbol alone to convey information
• F30: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 and 1.2.1 due to using text alternatives that are not alternatives (e.g., filenames or placeholder text)
• F31: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.4 due to using two different labels for the same function on different Web pages within a set of Web pages
• F32: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.2 due to using white space characters to control spacing within a word
• F33: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 due to using white space characters to create multiple columns in plain text content
• F34: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 due to using white space characters to format tables in plain text content
• F36: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.2 due to automatically submitting a form and … given a value
• F37: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.2 due to launching a new window without prior warning when the selection of a radio button, check box or select list is changed
• F38: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to not marking up decorative images in HTML in a way that allows assistive technology to ignore them
• F39: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to providing a text alternative that is not null (e.g., alt="spacer" or alt="image") for images that should be ignored by assistive technology
• F40: Failure due to using meta redirect with a time limit
• F41: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.1, 2.2.4, and 3.2.5 due to using meta refresh to reload the page
• F42: Failure of Success Criteria 1.3.1, 2.1.1, 2.1.3, or 4.1.2 when emulating links
• F43: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to using structural markup in a way that does not represent relationships in the content
• F44: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.3 due to using tabindex to create a tab order that does not preserve meaning and operability
• F46: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to using th elements, … layout tables
• F47: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.2 due to using the blink element
• F48: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to using the pre element to markup tabular information
• F49: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.2 due to using an HTML layout table that does not make sense when linearized
• F50: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.2 due to a script that causes a blink effect without a mechanism to stop the blinking at 5 seconds or less
• F52: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.5 due to opening a new window as soon as a new page is loaded
• F54: Failure of Success Criterion 2.1.1 due to using only pointing-device-specific event handlers (including gesture) for a function
• F55: Failure of Success Criteria 2.1.1, 2.4.7, and 3.2.1 due to using script to remove focus when focus is received
• F58: Failure of Success Criterion 2.2.1 due to using server-side techniques to automatically redirect pages after a time-out
• F59: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.2 due to using script to make div or span a user interface control in HTML without providing a role for the control
• F60: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.5 due to launching a new window when a user enters text into an input field
• F61: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.5 due to complete change of main content through an automatic update that the user cannot disable from within the content
• F63: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.4 due to providing link context only in content that is not related to the link
• F65: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to omitting the alt attribute or text alternative on img elements, area elements, and input elements of type "image"
• F66: Failure of Success Criterion 3.2.3 due to presenting navigation links in a different relative order on different pages
• F67: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 and 1.2.1 due to providing long descriptions for non-text content that does not serve the same purpose or does not present the same information
• F68: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.2 due to a user interface control not having a programmatically determined name
• F69: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.4 when resizing visually rendered text up to 200 percent causes the text, image or controls to be clipped, truncated or obscured
• F70: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.1 due to incorrect use of start and end tags or attribute markup
• F71: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to using text look-alikes to represent text without providing a text alternative
• F72: Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 due to using ASCII art without providing a text alternative
• F73: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.1 due to creating links that are not visually evident without color vision
• F74: Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 and 1.2.8 due to not labeling a synchronized media alternative to text as an alternative
• F75: Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 by providing synchronized media without captions when the synchronized media presents more information than is presented on the page
• F77: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.1 due to duplicate values of type ID
• F78: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.11 and 2.4.7 due to styling element outlines and borders in a way that removes or renders non-visible the visual focus indicator
• F79: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.2 due to the focus state of a user interface component not being programmatically determinable or no notification of change of focus state available
• F80: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.4 when text-based form controls do not resize when visually rendered text is resized up to 200%
• F81: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.1 due to identifying required or error fields using color differences only
• F82: Failure of Success Criterion 3.3.2 by visually formatting a set of phone number fields but not including a text label
• F83: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.3 and 1.4.6 due to using background images that do not provide sufficient contrast with foreground text (or images of text)
• F84: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.9 due to using a non-specific link such as "click here" or "more" without a mechanism to change the link text to specific text.
• F85: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.3 due to using dialogs or menus that are not adjacent to their trigger control in the sequential navigation order
• F86: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.2 due to not providing names for each part of a multi-part form field, such as a US telephone number
• F88: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.8 due to using text that is justified (aligned to both the left and the right margins)
• F89: Failure of Success Criteria 2.4.4, 2.4.9 and 4.1.2 due to not providing an accessible name for an image which is the only content in a link
• F90: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 for incorrectly associating table headers and content via the headers and id attributes
• F91: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 for not correctly marking up table headers
• F92: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.1 due to the use of role presentation on content which conveys semantic information
• F93: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.2 for absence of a way to pause or stop an HTML5 media element that autoplays
• F94: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.4 due to incorrect use of viewport units to resize text
• F95: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.13 due to content shown on hover not being hoverable
• F96: Failure due to the accessible name not containing the visible label text
• F97: Failure due to locking the orientation to landscape or portrait view
• F98: Failure due to interactions being limited to touch-only on touchscreen devices
• F99: Failure of Success Criterion 2.1.4 due to implementing character key shortcuts that cannot be turned off or remapped
• F100: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.4 due to showing a message asking to reorient device
• F101: Failure of Success Criterion 2.5.2 due to activating a control on the down-event
• F102: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.10 due to content disappearing and not being available when content has reflowed
• F103: Failure of Success Criterion 4.1.3 due to providing status messages that cannot be programmatically determined through role or properties
• F104: Failure of Success Criterion 1.4.12 due to clipped or overlapped content when text spacing is adjusted
• F105: Failure of Success Criterion 2.5.1 due to providing functionality via a path-based gesture without simple pointer alternative
• F106: Failure due to inability to deactivate motion actuation
• F107: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.5 due to incorrect autocomplete attribute values
• F111: Failure of Success Criteria 1.3.1, 2.5.3, and 4.1.2 due to a control with visible label text but no accessible name

General Techniques§

• G1: Adding a link at the top of each page that goes directly to the main content area
• G4: Allowing the content to be paused and restarted from where it was paused
• G5: Allowing users to complete an activity without any time limit
• G8: Providing a movie with extended audio descriptions
• G9: Creating captions for live synchronized media
• G10: Creating components using a technology that supports the accessibility … notification of changes
• G11: Creating content that blinks for less than 5 seconds
• G13: Describing what will happen before a change to a form control that causes a change of context to occur is made
• G14: Ensuring that information conveyed by color differences is also available in text
• G15: Using a tool to ensure that content does not violate the general flash threshold or red flash threshold
• G17: Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 7:1 exists between text (and images of text) and background behind the text
• G18: Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 exists between text (and images of text) and background behind the text
• G19: Ensuring that no component of the content flashes more than three times in any 1-second period
• G21: Ensuring that users are not trapped in content
• G53: Identifying the purpose of a link using link text combined with the text of the enclosing sentence
• G54: Including a sign language interpreter in the video stream
• G55: Linking to definitions
• G56: Mixing audio files so that non-speech sounds are at least 20 decibels lower than the speech audio content
• G57: Ordering the content in a meaningful sequence
• G58: Placing a link to the alternative for time-based media immediately next to the non-text content
• G59: Placing the interactive elements in an order that follows sequences and relationships within the content
• G60: Playing a sound that turns off automatically within three seconds
• G61: Presenting repeated components in the same relative order each time they appear
• G62: Providing a glossary
• G63: Providing a site map
• G64: Providing a Table of Contents
• G65: Providing a breadcrumb trail
• G68: Providing a short text alternative that describes the purpose of live audio-only and live video-only content
• G69: Providing an alternative for time based media
• G70: Providing a function to search an online dictionary
• G71: Providing a help link on every Web page
• G73: Providing a long description in another location with a link to it that is immediately adjacent to the non-text content
• G74: Providing a long description in text near the non-text content, with a reference to the location of the long description in the short description
• G75: Providing a mechanism to postpone any updating of content
• G76: Providing a mechanism to request an update of the content instead of updating automatically
• G78: Providing a second, user-selectable, audio track that includes audio descriptions
• G79: Providing a spoken version of the text
• G80: Providing a submit button to initiate a change of context
• G81: Providing a synchronized video of the sign language interpreter that can be displayed in a different viewport or overlaid on the image by the player
• G82: Providing a text alternative that identifies the purpose of the non-text content
• G83: Providing text descriptions to identify required fields that were not completed
• G84: Providing a text description when the user provides information that is not in the list of allowed values
• G85: Providing a text description when user input falls outside the required format or values
• G86: Providing a text summary that can be understood by people with lower secondary education level reading ability
• G87: Providing closed captions
• G88: Providing descriptive titles for Web pages
• G89: Providing expected data format and example
• G90: Providing keyboard-triggered event handlers
• G91: Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link
• G92: Providing long description for non-text content that serves the same purpose and presents the same information
• G93: Providing open (always visible) captions
• G94: Providing short text alternative for non-text content that serves the same purpose and presents the same information as the non-text content
• G95: Providing short text alternatives that provide a brief description of the non-text content
• G96: Providing textual identification of items that otherwise rely only on sensory information to be understood
• G97: Providing the first use of an abbreviation immediately before or after the expanded form
• G98: Providing the ability for the user to review and correct answers before submitting
• G99: Providing the ability to recover deleted information
• G100: Providing a short text alternative which is the accepted name or a descriptive name of the non-text content
• G101: Providing the definition of a word or phrase used in an unusual or restricted way
• G102: Providing the expansion or explanation of an abbreviation
• G103: Providing visual illustrations, pictures, and symbols to help explain ideas, events, and processes
• G105: Saving data so that it can be used after a user re-authenticates
• G107: Using "activate" rather than "focus" as a trigger for changes of context
• G108: Using markup features to expose the name and role, allow user-settable properties to be directly set, and provide notification of changes
• G110: Using an instant client-side redirect
• G111: Using color and pattern
• G112: Using inline definitions
• G115: Using semantic elements to mark up structure
• G117: Using text to convey information that is conveyed by variations in presentation of text
• G120: Providing the pronunciation immediately following the word
• G121: Linking to pronunciations
• G123: Adding a link at the beginning of a block of repeated content to go to the end of the block
• G124: Adding links at the top of the page to each area of the content
• G125: Providing links to navigate to related Web pages
• G126: Providing a list of links to all other Web pages
• G127: Identifying a Web page's relationship to a larger collection of Web pages
• G128: Indicating current location within navigation bars
• G130: Providing descriptive headings
• G131: Providing descriptive labels
• G133: Providing a checkbox on the first page of a multipart form that allows users to ask for longer session time limit or no session time limit
• G134: Validating Web pages
• G135: Using the accessibility API features of a technology to expose names and … notification of changes
• G136: Providing a link at the beginning of a nonconforming Web page that points to a conforming alternate version
• G138: Using semantic markup whenever color cues are used
• G139: Creating a mechanism that allows users to jump to errors
• G140: Separating information and structure from presentation to enable different presentations
• G141: Organizing a page using headings
• G142: Using a technology that has commonly-available user agents that support zoom
• G143: Providing a text alternative that describes the purpose of the CAPTCHA
• G144: Ensuring that the Web Page contains another CAPTCHA serving the same purpose using a different modality
• G145: Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 exists between text (and images of text) and background behind the text
• G146: Using liquid layout
• G148: Not specifying background color, not specifying text color, and not using technology features that change those defaults
• G149: Using user interface components that are highlighted by the user agent when they receive focus
• G150: Providing text based alternatives for live audio-only content
• G151: Providing a link to a text transcript of a prepared statement or script if the script is followed
• G152: Setting animated gif images to stop blinking after n cycles (within 5 seconds)
• G153: Making the text easier to read
• G155: Providing a checkbox in addition to a submit button
• G156: Using a technology that has commonly-available user agents that can change the foreground and background of blocks of text
• G157: Incorporating a live audio captioning service into a Web page
• G158: Providing an alternative for time-based media for audio-only content
• G159: Providing an alternative for time-based media for video-only content
• G160: Providing sign language versions of information, ideas, and processes that must be understood in order to use the content
• G161: Providing a search function to help users find content
• G162: Positioning labels to maximize predictability of relationships
• G163: Using standard diacritical marks that can be turned off
• G164: Providing a stated time within which an online request (or transaction) may be amended or canceled by the user after making the request
• G165: Using the default focus indicator for the platform so that high visibility default focus indicators will carry over
• G166: Providing audio that describes the important video content and describing it as such
• G167: Using an adjacent button to label the purpose of a field
• G168: Requesting confirmation to continue with selected action
• G169: Aligning text on only one side
• G170: Providing a control near the beginning of the Web page that turns off sounds that play automatically
• G171: Playing sounds only on user request
• G172: Providing a mechanism to remove full justification of text
• G173: Providing a version of a movie with audio descriptions
• G174: Providing a control with a sufficient contrast ratio that allows users to switch to a presentation that uses sufficient contrast
• G175: Providing a multi color selection tool on the page for foreground and background colors
• G176: Keeping the flashing area small enough
• G177: Providing suggested correction text
• G178: Providing controls on the Web page that allow users to incrementally change the size of all text on the page up to 200 percent
• G179: Ensuring that there is no loss of content or functionality when the text resizes and text containers do not change their width
• G180: Providing the user with a means to set the time limit to 10 times the default time limit
• G181: Encoding user data as hidden or encrypted data in a re-authorization page
• G182: Ensuring that additional visual cues are available when text color differences are used to convey information
• G183: Using a contrast ratio of 3:1 with surrounding text and providing additional visual cues on hover for links or controls where color alone is used to identify them
• G184: Providing text instructions at the beginning of a form or set of fields that describes the necessary input
• G185: Linking to all of the pages on the site from the home page
• G186: Using a control in the Web page that stops moving, blinking, or auto-updating content
• G188: Providing a button on the page to increase line spaces and paragraph spaces
• G189: Providing a control near the beginning of the Web page that changes the link text
• G190: Providing a link adjacent to or associated with a non-conforming object that links to a conforming alternate version
• G191: Providing a link, button, or other mechanism that reloads the page without any blinking content
• G192: Fully conforming to specifications
• G193: Providing help by an assistant in the Web page
• G194: Providing spell checking and suggestions for text input
• G195: Using an author-supplied, visible focus indicator
• G196: Using a text alternative on one item within a group of images that describes all items in the group
• G197: Using labels, names, and text alternatives consistently for content that has the same functionality
• G198: Providing a way for the user to turn the time limit off
• G199: Providing success feedback when data is submitted successfully
• G200: Opening new windows and tabs from a link only when necessary
• G201: Giving users advanced warning when opening a new window
• G202: Ensuring keyboard control for all functionality
• G203: Using a static text alternative to describe a talking head video
• G204: Not interfering with the user agent's reflow of text as the viewing window is narrowed
• G205: Including a text cue for colored form control labels
• G206: Providing options within the content to switch to a layout that does not require the user to scroll horizontally to read a line of text
• G207: Ensuring that a contrast ratio of 3:1 is provided for icons
• G208: Including the text of the visible label as part of the accessible name
• G209: Provide sufficient contrast at the boundaries between adjoining colors
• G210: Ensuring that drag-and-drop actions can be cancelled
• G211: Matching the accessible name to the visible label
• G212: Using native controls to ensure functionality is triggered on the up-event.
• G213: Provide conventional controls and an application setting for motion activated input
• G214: Using a control to allow access to content in different orientations which is otherwise restricted
• G215: Providing controls to achieve the same result as path based or multipoint gestures
• G216: Providing single point activation for a control slider
• G217: Providing a mechanism to allow users to remap or turn off character key shortcuts
• G223: Using an author-supplied, highly visible focus indicator

HTML Techniques§

• H2: Combining adjacent image and text links for the same resource
• H24: Providing text alternatives for the area elements of image maps
• H25: Providing a title using the title element
• H28: Providing definitions for abbreviations by using the abbr element
• H30: Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link for anchor elements
• H32: Providing submit buttons
• H33: Supplementing link text with the title attribute
• H34: Using a Unicode right-to-left mark (RLM) or left-to-right mark (LRM) to mix text direction inline
• H36: Using alt attributes on images used as submit buttons
• H37: Using alt attributes on img elements
• H39: Using caption elements to associate data table captions with data tables
• H40: Using description lists
• H42: Using h1-h6 to identify headings
• H43: Using id and headers attributes to associate data cells with header cells in data tables
• H44: Using label elements to associate text labels with form controls
• H48: Using ol, ul and dl for lists or groups of links
• H49: Using semantic markup to mark emphasized or special text
• H51: Using table markup to present tabular information
• H53: Using the body of the object element
• H54: Using the dfn element to identify the defining instance of a word
• H56: Using the dir attribute on an inline element to resolve problems with nested directional runs
• H57: Using the language attribute on the HTML element
• H58: Using language attributes to identify changes in the human language
• H62: Using the ruby element
• H63: Using the scope attribute to associate header cells with data cells in data tables
• H64: Using the title attribute of the iframe element
• H65: Using the title attribute to identify form controls when the label element cannot be used
• H67: Using null alt text and no title attribute on img elements for images that assistive technology should ignore
• H69: Providing heading elements at the beginning of each section of content
• H71: Providing a description for groups of form controls using fieldset and legend elements
• H74: Ensuring that opening and closing tags are used according to specification
• H75: Ensuring that Web pages are well-formed
• H76: Using meta refresh to create an instant client-side redirect
• H77: Identifying the purpose of a link using link text combined with its enclosing list item
• H78: Identifying the purpose of a link using link text combined with its enclosing paragraph
• H79: Identifying the purpose of a link in a data table using the link text combined with its enclosing table cell and associated table header cells
• H80: Identifying the purpose of a link using link text combined with the preceding heading element
• H81: Identifying the purpose of a link in a nested list using link text combined with the parent list item under which the list is nested
• H83: Using the target attribute to open a new window on user request and indicating this in link text
• H84: Using a button with a select element to perform an action
• H85: Using optgroup to group option elements inside a select
• H86: Providing text alternatives for emojis, emoticons, ASCII art, and leetspeak
• H88: Using HTML according to spec
• H89: Using the title attribute to provide context-sensitive help
• H90: Indicating required form controls using label or legend
• H91: Using HTML form controls and links
• H93: Ensuring that id attributes are unique on a Web page
• H94: Ensuring that elements do not contain duplicate attributes
• H95: Using the track element to provide captions
• H96: Using the track element to provide audio descriptions
• H97: Grouping related links using the nav element
• H98: Using HTML 5.2 autocomplete attributes
• H99: Provide a page-selection mechanism
• H101: Using semantic HTML elements to identify regions of a page
• H102: Creating modal dialogs with the HTML dialog element

PDF Techniques§

• PDF1: Applying text alternatives to images with the Alt entry in PDF documents
• PDF2: Creating bookmarks in PDF documents
• PDF3: Ensuring correct tab and reading order in PDF documents
• PDF4: Hiding decorative images with the Artifact tag in PDF documents
• PDF5: Indicating required form controls in PDF forms
• PDF6: Using table elements for table markup in PDF Documents
• PDF7: Performing OCR on a scanned PDF document to provide actual text
• PDF8: Providing definitions for abbreviations via an E entry for a structure element
• PDF9: Providing headings by marking content with heading tags in PDF documents
• PDF10: Providing labels for interactive form controls in PDF documents
• PDF11: Providing links and link text using the Link annotation and the /Link structure element in PDF documents
• PDF12: Providing name, role, value information for form fields in PDF documents
• PDF13: Providing replacement text using the /Alt entry for links in PDF documents
• PDF14: Providing running headers and footers in PDF documents
• PDF15: Providing submit buttons with the submit-form action in PDF forms
• PDF16: Setting the default language using the /Lang entry in the document catalog of a PDF document
• PDF17: Specifying consistent page numbering for PDF documents
• PDF18: Specifying the document title using the Title entry in the document information dictionary of a PDF document
• PDF19: Specifying the language for a passage or phrase with the Lang entry in PDF documents
• PDF20: Using Adobe Acrobat Pro's Table Editor to repair mistagged tables
• PDF21: Using List tags for lists in PDF documents
• PDF22: Indicating when user input falls outside the required format or values in PDF forms
• PDF23: Providing interactive form controls in PDF documents

Server-Side Script Techniques§

• SVR1: Implementing automatic redirects on the server side instead of on the client side
• SVR2: Using .htaccess to ensure that the only way to access non-conforming content is from conforming content
• SVR3: Using HTTP referer to ensure that the only way to access non-conforming content is from conforming content
• SVR4: Allowing users to provide preferences for the display of conforming alternate versions
• SVR5: Specifying the default language in the HTTP header

SMIL Techniques§

• SM1: Adding extended audio description in SMIL 1.0
• SM2: Adding extended audio description in SMIL 2.0
• SM6: Providing audio description in SMIL 1.0
• SM7: Providing audio description in SMIL 2.0
• SM11: Providing captions through synchronized text streams in SMIL 1.0
• SM12: Providing captions through synchronized text streams in SMIL 2.0
• SM13: Providing sign language interpretation through synchronized video streams in SMIL 1.0
• SM14: Providing sign language interpretation through synchronized video streams in SMIL 2.0

Plain-Text Techniques§

• T1: Using standard text formatting conventions for paragraphs
• T2: Using standard text formatting conventions for lists
• T3: Using standard text formatting conventions for headings